The 22 chapters provide a holistic, interdisciplinary, and historical analysis of the main issues that pertain to gangs. The definition of gangs for the purposes of this book is restricted to those groups that exist for or benefit substantially from the criminal activity of its members. Some element of crime must be a definitive feature of the organization for it to be classified as a gang. In addition to discussing the features of a gang, chapters examine factors that underlie gang formation, notably the effects of racism, oppression, and the existence of an underclass. A review of the sources of information for gang analysis encompasses survey methods, the oral history method, and macroanalytic analysis. The study of gang crime has always implied some element of organizational life. This book thus approaches the study of gangs through scientific organizational analysis. Two chapters address the nature and function of gangs in adult and juvenile correctional institutions. Chapters that focus on constructive and effective responses to gangs consider the community's role in dealing with gangs, the law enforcement response, and gang prevention and intervention. The concluding chapter provides a theoretical integration and policy options for reducing the gang problem. Appended research guide to gangs in America and the written constitutions and by-laws of three gangs, 420-item bibliography, and author and subject indexes