Margaret Mahler's theory on separation and individuation consists of four subphases starting at infancy and ending at 36 months. Bonding must occur between infant and child prior to the separation and individuation process. During the first subphase of differentiation, emotionally disturbed youths are not ready for independence and need constant feedback from their clinicians. The client functions more independently in the practicing subphase, but still needs "emotional refueling" from the clinician. During the third subphase of rapprochement, the client moves away from the mother figure and explores the outside world. Separation anxiety occurs at this point and the clinician must monitor the client to avoid a crisis. Consolidation of individuality and development of object constancy is demonstrated in the fourth subphase. By internalizing the clinician and significant others, the client is ready for greater independence. Psychotherapeutic involvement for psychiatrically disabled adolescents and young adults, as opposed to guidance and maintenance therapy, is considered beneficial towards emotional growth. 11 references (Author abstract modified)