Punitive measures have been urged as the way to deal with offenders who commit petty theft, burglary, or larceny and who usually come from the underclass in society. Such policies have much less often been urged for white-collar offenders. However, the recent data indicate that the increasing use of imprisonment has neither rehabilitated nor deterred most of those imprisoned. In addition, proposals for the selective incapacitation of career criminals overlook the lack of a method of identifying these offenders before they have become frequent offenders. Thus, the massive use of imprisonment is an ineffective social policy and cannot be defended as a social control policy in a society that believes itself to be both decent and a model for the world. Therefore, alternative approaches, along with the sparing use of imprisonment are needed. Such programs include intensive supervision, electronic monitoring, fines, restitution programs, community service programs, and community-based residential centers. Even more important is to establish a society that prevents crime by providing meaningful social and economic rewards for all citizens. Footnotes and 36 references