These roles require various cultural and socioeconomic backgrounds, the ability to evaluate and assess client needs, and the ability to meet needs through varied resources and an appropriate level of supervision. A realistic assessment of clients by probation and parole officers must be based on an understanding of criminal behavior, both in general terms and in terms of specific offender types. To this end, textbook chapters focus on understanding the need for criminal justice theory, sociological and psychological theories, psychophysiological theories, and self-exploration. Subsequent chapters describe interviewing and interrogating, the presentence investigation report, assessment tools and guidelines, nondirective counseling, directive counseling, institutional assessment and classification, and group counseling in institutional settings. Finally, chapters explore how to deal with alcoholic, drug-abusing, sex offender, schizophrenic or intellectual deficient, juvenile, female and elderly clients. The importance of community agencies and volunteers as treatment resources of probation and parole officers is stressed. Appendixes contain a social history questionnaire, information and forms related to offender classification, and definitions of terms associated with alcohol and drug addiction. References, tables and figures