It is pointed out that what juries consider and how they actually go about the penalty decision process has received little empirical attention. Nonetheless, research on civil trial decisions suggests some possible differences between culpability and penalty decisions. Interviews with actual jurors represent an especially appropriate method of studying the penalty decision process. The most important lines of research on the penalty phase fall into four broad categories: effects of guiding juror discretion, comparisons of juries who vote for life with those who vote for death, relation between guilty and penalty phases, and models of decisionmaking in the penalty phase. Future research should look at penalty decisionmaking as shaped by different sentencing instructions, the influence of interpersonal dynamics on the penalty decision process, the precise meaning of life imprisonment, the extent to which guilt phase considerations intrude on penalty deliberations, attorney behavior, and the issues of remorse and responsibility. 62 references (Author abstract modified)