The evaluation research on traditional treatment based on the medical model shows high dropout and relapse rates along with limited impact on polydrug abusers. Outdoor wilderness challenge programs represent an alternative, based on opponent-process theory and the therapeutic use of stress. These forms of stressful challenge may produce improved self-esteem and positive affect and may be useful as alternative forms of drug treatment, especially for resistant delinquents who have not benefited from more traditional forms of treatment. 37 references (Author abstract modified)