Topics addressed in this discussion include the relationship between work conditions and substance abuse, drug testing, employee assistance programs, and the role of sanctions for alcohol and drug use in the workplace. On the basis of the available research, it appears unlikely that lowering job stress or improving job satisfaction will have much impact on alcohol and drug use. Pre-employment drug testing seems capable of affecting drug use, but organizations are encouraged to conduct a validation study and to conduct cost-benefit analyses before implementing testing. The considerable controversy in the literature regarding employee assistance programs suggests the need for practitioners to encourage a careful evaluation of the costs and benefits of such programs and to examine the factors that determine employee willingness to use these programs. 136 references