Because deviant sexual behavior overlaps with the criminal law, theories of medical treatment and social control of these offenders tend to become confused, making it difficult to separate punishment from treatment. The enforced use of Depo-Provera can possibly interfere with constitutionally protected rights such as privacy interests, right to procreative freedom, freedom of speech and communication, and freedom from cruel and unusual punishment. In view of these constitutional prohibitions, it is doubtful whether involuntary antiandrogen treatment can be imposed on a criminal offender in any context, including parole and probation. However, voluntary treatment appears promising, provided that the offender is offered a non- coerced choice. If more rigorous research proves this treatment to be effective, it can benefit both the sexual offender and society by reducing the need for imprisonment. However, ethical guidelines will be required to prevent its inappropriate use for broader social control purposes and to prevent overzealous researchers from inflicting unnecessary physical and psychological harm on individuals desperate to avoid imprisonment.