The 12th conference of the APCCA was held in South Australia and was attended by representatives of 17 countries. Participants at the first meeting of heads of prison services agreed that each country should have a custodial and noncustodial correctional system that is both efficient and effective and that uses measures based on traditional cultural values for dealing with offenders. Other articles describe vocational education at an Australian prison, present Canadian guidelines for investigating inmate suicide, profile a female probation officer, and describe academic education for juvenile inmates in the Republic of Korea.