One chapter explores the police role in an English industrial city in the 19th Century and reveals how the police force became an alternative form of employment for the Victorian working class. Additional chapters examine the London Metropolitan Police at the end of the 19th Century; the police force in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, in the second quarter of the 20th Century; and the history of 19th Century penitentiary reforms in Great Britain, New South Wales, Ireland, and the United States. Other chapters focus on corrections in the 19th Century, the origin and role of Canada's first penitentiary in Kingston, Ontario; capital punishment in China, Cuba, the German Democratic Republic, and the former Soviet Union; the use of police power in India; crime in socialist and capitalist countries; and principles and expectations of criminal justice systems. Book reviews, an index, and a list of contributors are included.