Interpersonal communication involves understanding the dynamics of sending and receiving verbal and nonverbal messages. Police officers must understand the significance of paralanguage (inflection, tone of voice, and pitch), the difference between hearing and listening, and the messages behind kinesics (facial expressions, posture, and other body movements). Effective communication takes into account the four types of individual space, including intimate, personal, social, and public. In addition, cultural and ethnic factors are integral components of the communicative process. Police training issues related to communications should evolve from situations that police officers and other agency personnel encounter on a daily basis including dealing with peers, supervisors, superiors, subordinates, and family members, as well as typical situations encountered in calls for police service. Groups who should receive priority in communications training are command-level personnel, officers who deal regularly with the public, and employees who are critical to the department's internal networking.