The text also describes police agencies at the Federal, State, and local levels; the origins and history of policing; police personnel selection, training, and career development; affirmative action in police selection; and principles of organization and police administration, including classical organization principles, human relations organizational theory, and systems theory. Police operations are also detailed with respect to police patrol strategies and techniques, criminal investigations, traffic law enforcement, the nature and control of police discretion, police attitudes, ethics and misconduct, and police use of force. The civil liability of police is examined with respect to intentional torts, negligence, applicable Federal and State laws, defenses against lawsuits, and the prevention of liability. Additional sections examine public attitudes toward the police; police- community relations; crime prevention techniques; community policing; and the use of computers and other technology in police information management, communications, and field operations. Figures, photographs, chapter reference lists, subject index, and name index