The theoretical tradition in criminology gives primacy to the clinical approach, as it focuses on the psychosocial factors associated with criminal behavior. Under this theoretical orientation there has been an emphasis on psychological and social services for inmates in prison reform, the use of alternatives to prison, the use of community treatment for mental patients, the use of community resources for juvenile delinquents, and a focus on treatment for drug addicts. In the face of legislation in the aforementioned areas, however, the emphasis on addressing psychosocial factors in criminal justice policy and practice has been largely overwhelmed by a popular demand for repressive criminal justice policies. This has been stimulated by the terrorist era in Italy, the strong growth of organized crime, and the significant increase in juvenile delinquency. 37-item bibliography