The discussion notes that most adolescents like to get together in groups and that those who do not join groups with a positive message still need the company of their peers. Youths who are isolated from the society at large are likely to join gangs, which have largely negative outlooks and activities. In the 1940's, youth gangs began to become loyal to territory rather than just to their members. In the 1970's, adolescent gangs began using guns. In the last 10 years, drugs, especially crack cocaine, have become increasingly linked with gang activity. Current gangs have official, hard-core members and the wannabees, who are hoping to become members. Children are recruited for gang work at ages as young as 8 years. Reasons for joining may include coercion, familiarity with existing gang members, the desire for money, the need for a sense of belonging, organic problems, the desire for identity and power, to escape an unstable home life, and limited opportunities in other areas. Gangs have harmful impacts on their communities. Methods of reducing the power of gangs require a sustained commitment, neighborhood action, and funding. Among the approaches suggested are to strengthen penalties, legalize drugs, increase the police presence, and make parents liable. Each approach has advantages and disadvantages. Prevention methods include family resource centers, school retention programs, job creation, youth-oriented social services, and volunteer opportunities for youth.