Youth gangs have experienced unprecedented growth in the last two decades. During the same time, the gang phenomenon has expanded from large urban centers to suburban areas. Youth gangs of relatively affluent kids are becoming more active. Some gangs (e.g., skinheads) engage in racially motivated violence. Many gangs are interested in becoming better organized. Initiatives to guide youth away from gang involvement include athletic programs, employment or meaningful educational prospects, assistance with job applications, counseling on developing good work habits (with periodic follow-ups), drug and alcohol counseling, helping ex-offenders resocialize and find employment. Endnotes