The appendix to this recommendation outlines various rationales for sentencing and a penalty structure based on sentencing orientations and starting points for different offenses. Orientations and starting points can be implemented through legislation, guidelines judgments by superior courts, an independent commission, or guidelines for the prosecution. The recommendation also covers aggravating and mitigating factors, previous convictions, prohibition of reformatio in peius, time spent in custody, and the role of the prosecutor. Finally, the recommendation discusses the need for sentencing studies and information, statistics and research, and European cooperation on sentencing information.