Beginning with the birth of the Mississippi territory in 1798, this book addresses first the continuing legacy of racial inequity in public law from the days of slavery and Jim Crow to the Federal judiciary's attempt to confront the problem. The focus is on the factors that have molded Mississippi's penal law, the plight of policymakers functioning within a difficult scheme of governance, and the tactics used by those who have presided over a penal system. Excluding only recent years, Mississippi politics has revolved around an elaborate campaign designed to control a large African-American underclass. The campaign was waged through a republican political process and legitimatized by public law. The police powers of the State were committed to its fulfillment. The Nation's first elected judiciary presided, and the State's apparatus of legal force functioned as the campaign's last line of defense. The penitentiary was essentially an institution for African-American felons, and most public officials believed it absurd to base penal policy on a medical model or anything else that conflicted with the entire superstructure of public law. At the penitentiary at Parchman, the State established a huge cotton plantation, organized and administered on long-standing principles of slave management. Parchman's financial productivity sagged with the cotton market in the early 1950's, and political inertia ended profits altogether later in the decade. The plantation's antebellum foundations did not crack until the mid-1970's, however. On the other hand, no public record of any other State contains greater revelations of the iniquities of criminal policy than that of Mississippi, or more evidence of a desire to root them out. Mississippi's penal history, therefore, is a paradox, a chronicle of conflicting impulses. The latest era in Mississippi's penal history began in 1972 when U.S. district judge William Keady abandoned a long-standing "hands-off" doctrine and extended to Mississippi's convicts most of the Constitutional safeguards afforded other citizens. Mississippi legislators and executives continue to wrestle with the implementation of court-ordered penal reforms. Chapter notes, a bibliographic essay, and a subject index