Gangs used to be neighborhood-based, but they now exist throughout the United States and in many patterns. Lack of jobs for youth and inadequate parental supervision contribute to the gang phenomenon. Gang members are often underachievers with no real sense of identity. They usually come from low income families, have poor academic records, and have either dropped out or been indefinitely suspended from school. Major gangs include the Disciples, Vice Lords, Vice Lords, Crips, Bloods, white supremacy gangs, Latino gangs, mafia, and El Rukns. Gang members use hand signs to communicate with one another and also have distinctive graffiti. Gangs initiate new members by beating them. Signs of gang involvement include gang-related clothing, having unexplained bruises, having gang tattoos, and staying out all night with friends. Parents who suspect gang activity in their child should contact a professional counselor, restrict their child's activities, and notify the local authorities. Illustrations, glossary, list of suggested community gang prevention activity, list of resource organizations, and 11 references