The male prisons selected closely matched the relevant demographic and criminal history characteristics of the female inmates. The study followed two samples of inmates for 1 year. Data on discipline were obtained from all available sources: hall cards, travel cards, computerized records, social history reports, disciplinary reports, and reprimand slips. Findings show that women were cited for rule violations more often than men. Most disciplinary citations received by women were not serious, but female inmates were punished more severely than men. Certain rules were scrupulously enforced in women's institutions while being ignored in men's institutions. The study revealed two distinct institutional forms of surveillance and control. Differences in disciplinary practices at the institutions are best understood as a function of gender-specific interpretation and application of statewide correctional policy. 9 tables, 1 chart, 7 notes, and 21 references