Specifically, the authors critique proactive policing and call for police change. They explore the relationship between crime, proactive policies, and three ideal types of public, referred to here as citizens, interest groups, and elites. Nevertheless, this discussion is a bit misleading, since, in reality, all three types of public act together, with the most powerful wielding the greatest influence. The most probable outcome for police change is that the three variations will combine to some degree, meaning that none of the potential approaches described here will come to fruition. The authors predict that police will retain their current paramilitary form and bureaucratic structure and will fail to become proactive. The only type of agency that can truly affect crime would be one empowered to respond to crime on a larger scale by improving education, health, recreation, and community renovation; in this type of scenario, the police would be assigned the task of reacting to crime as, or after, it is committed. 14 references