Thus, this article begins with a historical overview of American Indian policing and crime; it then discusses contemporary policing in Indian country. Included is a review of the complex issue of criminal jurisdiction. The relationship between Indian and non-Indian criminality is then presented, including comparisons of Indian country Part I offenses and Part II arrests with that of the Nation as a whole and other areas of domicile. The article shows that both policing and crime in Indian country are problematical, particularly when cast against a backdrop of other serious social problems. The historical U.S. policy of expansionism and tribal removal, while creating Indian criminal justice, have carried over to today and exacerbate contemporary social and policing needs. Governmental policy toward the Indian people has forced many of them to become "marginal" Americans with uncertain cultural identities. Also, the Federal Government has been reluctant to provide funds, jurisdiction, and recognition to Indian police practitioners. Elected officials and policymakers must address these issues. 36 references and 2 tables