The study also analyzed the predominant views regarding criminal sanctions and examined the underlying value systems of each of the three competing penal-orientations. Data were collected from 150 judges, defense counsels, prosecutors, social workers, and probation officers working in the St. Louis metropolitan area. The findings indicated that the traditional classification of penal- orientation was not supported by the data, but rather that the major factor is a singular bipolar dimension of retribution-deters and rehabilitation. While the penal-orientation of criminal justice workers was explained within a single conceptual domain, practitioners in the criminal justice system, as well as academic criminologists, continue to develop deterrent views of penal sanctions while ignoring the implied exercise of retributive view of punishment. 4 tables, 2 figures, 5 notes, 20 references, and 1 appendix