The research made implicit comparisons with the police in the United States. The analyses revealed that each country's history influenced the police; a stigma affects the image of the police in Australia, Finland, and India, and history is a major constraint on police reforms. Australia and New Zealand emphasize the use of minimum force, community relations, and constabulary independence. In Finland, the police are part of the national government; citizens have a limited channel for input into police activities. Japanese police have a value-laden mandate and are respected as a symbol of the government and for their moral qualities. India's police have inherited the Royal Irish Constabulary mandate: to maintain law and order as an instrument of government. Police work varies from country to country, as do personnel practices and the other areas analyzed. All the countries have worked with some forms of imported police models. Figures, tables, and chapter reference lists