The argument for drug legalization seems to boil down to the basic belief that prohibitions against marijuana, cocaine, heroin, and other drugs impose far too large a cost in terms of tax dollars, crime, and infringement on civil rights and individual liberties. The authors believe, however, that any attempt to legalize drugs is extremely complex. Considerable evidence exists to suggest that drug legalization will create behavioral and public health problems. In addition, research demonstrates that the enslavement theory of addiction, the theory that high drug prices drive drug users to commit crimes in support of their drug habits, has little basis in reality. Specifically, studies of the criminal careers of heroin and other drug users indicate that, while drug use tends to intensify and perpetuate criminal behavior, it usually does not initiate criminal careers. Cost-benefit considerations associated with drug legalization are examined, as well as the drug-violence connection and drug use trends. The role of public opinion in any decision to legalize drugs is discussed. 4 tables and 2 figures