One purpose of crime-scene photography is to provide a visual record of virtually everything that was present at the crime scene. A photographic record can be used to show elements of the crime scene to those being interviewed or interrogated, so the questioner and those being questioned can have a common understanding of the information that is being exchanged. A second purpose of crime-scene photography is to create a permanent record that can be viewed at any time. Photographs are not only a part of the evidence but are a means of identifying evidence. Third, photographs help witnesses recall what they observed; this is especially helpful to witnesses after long court delays. Fourth, photographs supplement verbal descriptions, which have inherent limitations in conveying information about items at a crime scene, particularly in terms of shape, size, dimensions, color, or other characteristics. Fifth, photographs can record the scene in complete detail; they should show a good depth of field and reveal all there is to see. Further, photographs can clarify the testimony of witnesses and provide a distinctive portrayal of form, shadow, and color. A 9-item bibliography