The papers presented bring together available research knowledge, program concepts, and clinical insights regarding drug abuse treatment of incarcerated, drug-dependent offenders. To meet these objectives, this review includes activities that are in their early stages as well as requirements for effective implementation of treatment and research strategies. In addition, it examines programming in various jurisdictions and across bureaucratic lines. The first paper focuses on the challenge of developing responsive drug treatment programs for inmates, followed by an overview of correctional drug abuse treatment in the United States. A paper on program models is provided, along with a review of drug treatment services in jails, a discussion of HIV-1 infection in the correctional setting, drug treatment programs in the Federal Bureau of Prisons, and a demonstration drug abuse treatment program for inmates and parolees (Amity Righturn). Various types of drug abuse programs are profiled from the States of Washington, Florida, Wisconsin, and Oregon. Other topics addressed are the evaluation of various types of drug treatment programs, postrelease treatment for drug-abusing inmates, the management of the drug-abusing offender, methodological issues, and directions for practice and research. A list of NIDA research monographs is provided.