Several court rulings have addressing the question of university liability to student victims of campus crime, using the doctrine of foreseeability as the standard for establishing liability. In 1990, Congress passed the Crime Awareness and Campus Security Act, which mandates institutions of higher education to publicly report certain crime statistics and security policies. Several State legislatures have also passed reporting laws, some of which carry sanctions for noncompliance. University administrators, in turn, have begun to implement various educational crime prevention and safety programs, security procedures, victim services, changes in law enforcement styles, and changes in the physical environment in an effort to reduce crime, risk, and fear of victimization. 87 notes