The role of international organizations in efforts against corruption and the importance of their support to institution-building processes are also examined. These initiatives include formal recommendations from the Council of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development on bribery in international transactions and a forum organized by the United Nations International Drug Control Programme. Additional initiatives included a call for action at the East and Central African Seminar on Corruption, Human Rights and Democracy and a multidisciplinary group convened by the Council of Europe. The discussion notes the need to distinguish between the corruption of heads of state and other high officials and the petty corruption of lower-level officials and police. Appended draft international code of conduct for public officials and related materials