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Racism, Xenophobia and Football: A Preliminary Investigation

NCJ Number
158590
Author(s)
M Carver; J Garland; M Rowe
Date Published
1995
Length
43 pages
Annotation
This examination of racism and xenophobia among British football fans is the initial stage of a larger study that is comparing such attitudes and behavior in Great Britain, Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, and Hungary.
Abstract
The study begins with a review of the history of racism and xenophobia (fear of foreigners) in British football. This is followed by a description of study methodology. Trends in the level of racist abuse in football during the last 5 years were identified through the analysis of the results of a survey questionnaire and interviews. During December 1994, 120 copies of the questionnaire were distributed to "fanzine" editors; 49 were completed and returned. Interviews were conducted with representatives of the Commission for Racial Equality (CRE) and various football organizations, as well as with the players and officials of six football clubs. In the questionnaire and interviews, the focus was on such behavior as racist chanting, throwing objects at black players, activity by right-wing groups, racist remarks, racist violence, and racist graffiti. The study found a widespread belief that the amount of racist behavior has decreased in British football in recent years. There is concern, however, that this belief many mask a less public form of racism at football matches. The lack of football attendees from minority ethnic backgrounds suggests that there is still a perception that football is a white domain. For financial and other reasons, clubs have tried to develop strategies to encourage a more diverse audience. The study identifies a variety of reasons for a perceived decline in racist chanting, throwing objects at black players, and campaigning by far-right groups. 25 references