The author first defines a gang and a gang member, followed by the identification of the elements of the typical gang structure. Five reasons why programs have been unsuccessful to date in countering the spread of juvenile gangs are listed, and factors in the development of gangs are identified. Data on the number of gangs and gang members are estimated for 35 U.S. cities. The paper also documents gang-related violence and briefly discusses the four strategies that have been used in managing youth gangs: suppression, social intervention, prevention, and community mobilization. The proposed strategy for new directions in the Texas juvenile justice system is based in five premises. First, a balanced approach to juvenile justice must be developed to emphasize protection of the community, constructive consequences and accountability, and rehabilitation. Second, policies must focus on social, economic, and behavioral factors known to be related to high delinquency rates. Third, a distinct division must be made between the community-based probation system and the institutional system. Fourth, delinquency prevention and early interception and intervention efforts must have greater emphasis and financial support, thus creating a proactive system rather than the current reactive system. Fifth, priority must be given to a major expansion in services and funding to the juvenile justice system. 4 figures, 1 table, and 28 references