It first presents Japanese crime and social control in a cultural context, arguing for cultural relativism in cross- cultural criminal justice and criminological research. Next, the authors describe the legal structure of the Japanese juvenile justice system. The discussion then focuses on juvenile motorcycle gangs, juvenile school violence, and juvenile drug use and abuse. It compares and contrasts historical, social, and cultural phenomena that lead to contemporary problems for the juvenile justice system. In Japan, where harmony, politeness, and delicate social relationships are nurtured and considered essential to social order, taking drugs, racing motorcycles, and engaging in school violence are viewed as serious social problems. Economic changes in Japan will continue to occur with rapid social change: lifetime employment is no longer sacred; some question the legitimacy of the emperor; others do not practice filial piety. Whenever rapid social change occurs, some juveniles are involved in self-expression and individualism, whereas others engage in delinquency. As disposable income increases, Japanese youth have more money to spend on luxury motorcycles and drugs. Experts also predict more school-related delinquency as more students respond to the pressure-packed educational system. Although overall delinquency rates have leveled off and are even declining, problems with youth crime will continue into the 21st century. 4 tables and a 58-item bibliography