One of the objectives of this paper is an analysis of long- term trends in different types of crime and any relation they might have to concepts such as civilization and modernization. A second objective is to review research on criminality from the perspective of gender and class. A third objective is to review the overall work and function of the courts in Scandinavia. Research on the history of criminality in Scandinavia shows a reduction in violence in the early modern period, thus contradicting the traditional image of the Middle Ages and the 16th century as a period of unrestrained aggression. This decline in violence was not attended by an increase in property crimes. An examination of gender issues in criminality in Scandinavia reveals a puzzling combination. On the one hand, women in the 17th century were persecuted as witches, and their extramarital sex was vigorously criminalized. On the other hand, they could act with full authority as plaintiffs in civil cases and as witnesses in criminal cases. This apparent contradiction may lie in the demographic and economic realities of the time. In Sweden, for example, there was a surplus of women due to the conscription of men. This gave women more responsible tasks in production. This may have led to a male reaction. Court records distinguish between the crimes of the propertied and unpropertied classes. Propertied groups typically appeared in court in connection with assault, offenses against official regulations, cases concerning property, and sometimes premarital sex and adultery. The unpropertied groups appeared in court primarily accused of assault, sexual offenses, and theft. There is no clear indication that the unpropertied offenders were treated more harshly than the propertied offenders. 64 notes