The author defines "elder abuse" as adverse acts of omission or commission against an elderly person." An overview of the characteristics of victims focuses on gender (most often women); marital status (disproportionately widows); health (poor physical or mental health); chronological age (age increases risk); substance abuse; living arrangements (usually with a relative); problem behavior; dependence; and isolation. Researchers have found that the typical elder abuser is a son or daughter caregiver, under 60 years old, who is living with or in close proximity to the elderly victim. Abusers in institutions are usually women who work predominantly in low-paying, high-stress jobs. Both types have the following characteristics: substance abuse, mental/emotional illness, reluctance in assuming the caregiver role, history of abuse, stress and burden, dependency, dementia, problematic personality traits, and lack of social support. There are also certain characteristics of the social context within which abuse occurs. These include financial difficulties, family violence, lack of social support, family disharmony, and living arrangements. Cultural attitudes and values may also influence individuals to engage in or refrain from elder abuse. These include ageism, sexism, cultural attitudes toward violence, reactions to abuse, attitudes toward people with disabilities, and imperatives for family caregiving. 77 references