A literature review can help planners avoid problems that previous studies have encountered and can save time and effort by providing reliable instruments and other tested research techniques. A proposal should identify the target population. This should include information on how the sample will be selected, the size of the target population, the source of the sample, those to be excluded, and any special circumstances that affect the sample selection. It is best to expend the effort necessary to obtain a random sample. Site visits are necessary to interview critical players in a program and to perform observational analyses. The results of a survey should never be used to establish policy or make assessments. A survey can only suggest areas for further testing or program development. Only the results of a rigorous evaluation should be used when formulating policy or making recommendations for future programming. Grant writers should ensure that participants in the research effort are kept abreast of the nature and scope of the planned study. Any appearance of a conflict of interest should be avoided. Other recommendations are to seek in-kind contributions, locate a co-sponsor, pay attention to details and presentation, and provide training in grant writing and participation on proposal-writing teams.