The text begins by examining probation and parole in terms of various criminal justice theories, pretrial court appearances, sentencing, and appeals. The first part of the text deals with the history of probation, probation and the courts, juvenile courts and juvenile justice, presentence investigations, and probation supervision. The second part of the text presents a history of American prisons, parole and indeterminate sentences, and parole administration and services. The third part of the text discusses treatment and supervision issues in probation and parole by focusing on treatment theory, probation and parole officers, and classification and supervision. The final part of the text considers special probation and parole programs and research, including intermediate punishments. References, tables, and figures