Three chapters on electronic monitoring focus on recent issues that have been raised regarding its effectiveness. These chapters describe actual monitoring programs and present analyses that begin to clarify the essential operational elements in electronic monitoring programming. Data are provided to permit judgments as to the effects, both positive and negative, of such programs. Two chapters address the effectiveness of and trends in the programming for boot camps. A multi-State evaluation of boot camps notes that there is no clear evidence that boot camps impact recidivism while graduates are under supervision following program completion. Evaluation limitations for this study are noted, however. The other chapter in this section reports on a trend in boot-camp programming based on a survey. It shows that boot camps are moving more toward rehabilitative programming and away from the military regimen of the first programmatic stage. Three chapters pertain to intensive supervision programs. The chapters focus on the nature, operation and evaluation of intensive probation supervision programs. The programs discussed provide examples of how intensive probation supervision programs have evolved in recent years and the contributions they make to the overall system of criminal sanctions. The concluding section of this book contains two chapters on what are considered "critical issues" related to intermediate sanctions: community corrections in rural areas and the impact of programming and race on recidivism for offenders who have participated in residential probation centers. For individual chapters, see NCJ-167582-91. A 196-item bibliography and a subject index