A survey was administered to 1,060 male soldiers and 305 female soldiers in the U.S. Army. The survey instrument included the Extended Personal Attributes Questionnaire, which is a self- assessment instrument of personality characteristics associated with gender. It contains measures of positive masculinity (self- assertive/instrumental traits), positive femininity (expressive/interpersonal traits), negative masculinity (hyper masculine/macho traits), and negative femininity (subordination of self to others). The survey instrument also included the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, which contains scales that measure sexual abuse, physical-emotional abuse, physical neglect, and emotional neglect, as well as four questions on childhood sexual abuse developed for a national survey of U.S. adults. Negative masculinity was predicted by male gender, younger age, and childhood physical-emotional abuse. Negative femininity was predicted by physical-emotional abuse and sexual abuse. The relationship to sexual abuse was mainly evident for males. Positive femininity was positively correlated with sexual abuse for females and negatively correlated with sexual abuse for males. Positive masculinity was negatively correlated with emotional neglect for males but not for females. Positive femininity was negatively correlated with emotional neglect for both genders. Childhood abuse was associated with the presence of negative gender-related attributes; childhood neglect was associated with the absence of positive gender-related attributes; childhood physical abuse was associated with negative masculine attributes in both genders; childhood sexual abuse was associated with positive feminine attributes in females and negative feminine attributes in males. The findings for females is counterintuitive and is discussed in the context of the clinical literature on certain types of adaptation to incest. 5 tables and 44 references