Data collection instruments were developed for mail and telephone surveys of State correctional administrators, administrators in women's correctional facilities, and jail administrators and for telephone surveys and interviews with program administrators. Findings highlighted the mental health needs of incarcerated women, the importance of gender sensitivity, the minimal connection between program needs and prison placement, the need for adequate drug abuse and mental health programs for women, and the need for adequate educational programs for women. Problems most likely to occur in States with large populations of incarcerated women included crowding, insufficient screening of women's needs regarding families and children, and community resistance to the use of alternative sanctions. Jail administrators infrequently used classification and screening to match women to appropriate programs and services and tended to hold stereotypical assumptions about gender-related personality traits. Programs found to be innovative and effective are described that primarily relate to management, classification, planning, and the needs of women. Social forces that appear to be pushing an increased number of women into prisons and jails are discussed. References and tables