Twenty-seven States have begun aggressive programs to combat insurance fraud. Some are simple independent organizations funded by industry, while others involve State insurance administrations, attorneys general offices, or departments of licensing. Some anti-fraud units are created by State statute and confer police officer powers on fraud investigators. Certified Fraud Examiners (CFEs) play key roles in every aspect of insurance anti-fraud activities, providing education and training and direct investigative services, either as part of internal programs or as independent contractors. Anti-fraud programs should include provisions for education, detection, investigation, auditing, prosecution and recovery, and reporting. The article includes information on program funding, an update on results of some insurance anti-fraud efforts during 1995-1996, and penalties assessed. Tables, figures, notes