Prior to 1987, almost every State either prohibited the carrying of concealed handguns or permitted concealed-carry under a licensing system that granted government officials broad discretionary power over the decision to grant a permit. The key feature of the new concealed-carry laws is that the government must grant the permit as soon as any citizen can satisfy objective licensing criteria. Concealed-carry reform is based on the idea that citizens have the right to defend themselves against criminal attack. In nearly all permit application cases, applicant fingerprints are taken and applicants are subject to a background check. The new concealed-carry laws are primarily based on the right of self-defense. Opponents of concealed-carry laws believe more guns on city streets can only lead to more violence. Supporters of such laws contend they accomplish two goals: (1) provide a mechanism by which law-abiding citizens can protect themselves; and (2) provide a mechanism by which the public can be reasonably assured those who receive permits are persons who will act responsibly. Variations in licensing criteria by State are listed. 91 notes and 1 table