The discussion rests on the concept that fairness and consistency are crucial factors in sentencing policy, along with the principle that the government should use its coercive powers in a humane manner and in accordance with international obligations. The analysis focuses on the current sentencing structure in New Zealand, the rationales and goals of sentencing, the nature and role of aggravating and mitigating factors, the sentencing of chronic offenders, the sentencing of dangerous offenders, and the sentencing of multiple offenders. It also examines the role of victims in sentencing in New Zealand and other countries, a Maori perspective on sentencing, forms of sentencing guidelines, and the allocation of responsibility for sentencing policy and guidance. Footnotes, appended table, and 107 references