Three chapters focus on transnational organized crime. One chapter addresses the breakdown and changes that have occurred in national security systems in both Russia and the United States, particularly in failing to recognize the considerable changes in the world of espionage following the fall of the Soviet Union. Another chapter analyzes the way in which the concept of organized crime has become a nodal point in European law- enforcement cooperation and how it is influencing the restructuring of law enforcement organizations in a number of European Union member states. The third chapter examines the forces and trends that weaken the sovereign state and provide organized crime with a favorable growth climate. Nine case studies address the manifestations of organized crime in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy, Spain, Latvia and the Baltics, Canada, the U.S.-Canadian border, Peru, Russia, East Siberia, and Puerto Rico. The four chapters on public policy and interventions focus on criminal financial investigations, the restoration of rights as a preventive policy, the repeal of drug prohibition to end the financing of international crime, and an overview of the major Federal laws recently enacted in the United States to combat organized crime. For individual chapters, see NCJ-181978-84. Chapter references and notes