Shoplifting is widespread in retail establishments, yet accurate data on its extent are not available. Most retail theft is established by audit rather than witnessed; hence it is not clear whether the theft is perpetrated by customers, staff, or suppliers. A 2- to 3-percent loss of sales to shoplifting can amount to approximately 25 percent loss in profit. For some smaller establishments or those on otherwise tight margins, retail theft not only affects their productivity and competitiveness, but also threatens their economic survival. The costs of this crime impact not only the businesses involved but also consumers, who subsidize losses through elevated prices. Less than one-half of apprehended retail thieves are referred to police; businesses tend to be more interested in recovering the stolen property and avoiding adverse publicity. Ways of stealing include the removal of packaging that is then discarded within the store, the switching of a price tag for one of lesser value, and refund fraud. Individuals below age 20 are the most common offenders. Studies suggest that retail theft is often related to a combination of both economic and emotional stress factors. Methods of controlling retail theft range from relatively simple display practices such as putting fewer items on display or placing stickers on packages, to sophisticated electronic surveillance mechanisms. Technology constantly allows new ways of tagging stock to inhibit retail theft. 1 table and 36 references