Researchers agree that millions of children witness domestic violence each year, although no consensus exists regarding the specific number of children affected. Exposure to domestic violence can have serious negative effects on children, including behavioral problems, poor academic performance, low levels of empathy, and negative effects in adulthood. However, not all children exposed to violence suffer significant harmful effects. Recommended actions include research, stable funding sources, new strategies to identify and serve children exposed to domestic violence, and clear protocols for intervening with families in which both domestic violence and child maltreatment are present. Additional recommended actions include ongoing professional training for all who have regular contact with families and children, empowerment of courts to design and enforce protective orders that address the needs of battered women and their children, and consideration of the best interest of the child in child custody and visitation cases involving domestic violence. Further recommendations include attention to the potential unintended consequences of new laws and public support for effective prevention programs. Reference notes