First, the relationship between identity diffusion and criminality is examined. Second, rehabilitative approaches suitable for diffused individuals are highlighted. Subsequently, criminal justice practices toward African-Americans are highlighted, along with their implications for identity development. The mechanisms underlying identity development are explained, with an analysis of how ethnicity interacts with these mechanisms. The second half of the paper explores culturally sensitive practices that are pertinent to the identity-development of African-Americans within a criminal justice framework. Finally, culturally sensitive programs that are applicable to criminal justice contexts are examined. Their impact (or potential impact) on rehabilitation and identity development is discussed. One particular approach that is suitable for identity enhancement is the "NTU" treatment method (e.g., Gregory and Phillips, 1996; Phillips, 1990). In NTU four principles form the foundation for promoting mental health and adaptive functioning: harmony, balance, interconnectedness, and authenticity. These principles were derived from ancient African traditions and are used in applying treatment techniques in humanistic psychology. In addition, NTU and many other Afrocentric approaches incorporate all or some of the Nguzo Saba (i.e., Karenga's 1988 principles of Kwanza). 39 references