Each challenge is developed in the context of available knowledge and the authors' own experience in working with adult offenders. Three of the challenges are to recognize the pervasive history of negative educational experiences; apply behavior change theory and empirical research to instruction; and respond to the diversity of offenders' deficits, skills, and goals. Another three challenges are to identify effective materials and strategies that support individualized instruction, combine successful components into a systems approach, and collect and use outcome data. Other challenges are to select a valid instructional approach, actively monitor student progress, create independent learners, and develop a positive reinforcing environment. Remaining challenges are to use a range of research-based tools to maintain high levels of student motivation, stay abreast of other research-based instructional developments, integrate traditional tools with individualized instruction, and meet the requirements of accountability. The recommendations associated with these challenges should provide a basis for constructing an accountable and successful education program in a correctional environment. 1 figure, 1 table, and 42 references