The author argues that exercise in treatment programming can be an effective method. First, physical activity produces improvements in many aspects of mental health. Second, many offenders are more ready to engage in physical activity than they are to engage in traditional treatment approaches; therefore, the exercise portion of the treatment can be used as a catalyst for involvement in other aspects of the treatment process. Numerous studies show the positive effects of physical activity on mental health variables. Daniel Landers at Arizona State University and Steven Petruzzello at the University of Illinois have reviewed the scientific literature and report that within a wide range of exercise durations and intensities, aerobic exercise can produce therapeutic effects within 5 minutes and up to 2 hours following exercise. This can be beneficial as a component of offender treatment, since stress is the most common precursor to relapse. Exercise also appears to improve mood and decrease depression. Researchers at Northeast Louisiana University reported greater antidepressant effects from weightlifting than aerobic forms of physical activity. Further, exercise may help teach offenders that consistency and hard work can pay off. Individuals may also gain increased self-esteem, confidence, and a better sense of personal control. When offenders structure their exercise programs, they subsequently improve in feedback in group and individual therapy. Many exercise activities require teamwork, awareness, and communication skills. These skills can be promoted as part of the rehabilitation process and are transferrable to other situations.