Prison overcrowding presents a major challenge to prison administrations and to society as a whole. The two main reasons for overcrowding are that more people are being imprisoned and courts are imposing longer sentences. The book examines various differences in theory and practice concerning the management of long-term prisoners and violent offenders. It also considers ways to keep prisoners active in an increasingly difficult economic environment. In this regard it suggests a Europe-wide network to exchange good practice, taking account of the recently changed situation in Central and Eastern Europe as regards prison industries. The book advocates establishing good contacts with the outside community and providing employment opportunities to help prepare prison inmates for release. It details treatment of sex offenders in penal institutions and release programs and considers mechanisms to monitor, evaluate, and improve delivery of services to sex offenders. Finally, it recommends ways to maximize cooperation among the member States of the Council of Europe.