The discussion also addresses the need for efforts to intervene with these children and their families and suggests changes in future research agendas. Existing studies of co-occurring child maltreatment and woman battering have many methodological problems. Particularly important issues include the definitions used in measuring abuse, the manner used to develop study samples, possible problems regarding the accuracy of data obtained from study participants, and the availability of adequate standardized measures. Discussions of co-occurring violence and problems associated with children’s exposure to violence must also acknowledge several areas of related research. This research includes the research on the co-occurrence of other childhood victimization, witnessing marital discord, witnessing community violence, and witnessing violence conveyed over popular media. Finally, new legislation, policies, and practices are rapidly developing and need evaluation with respect to their effects on the safety, stability, and wellbeing of the intended beneficiaries. 76 references