The trend for courts has become more punitive, enforcing stricter sentencing, and lowering the age of jurisdiction. This has resulted in an increased number of youthful offenders entering adult systems, presenting challenges for adult correctional facilities. Although transfer provisions vary by State, provision expansion became a nationwide trend during the 1990's, making it easier for juveniles to be waived to adult court. States have added crimes to the list of offenses in which juveniles can be tried as adults. Existing research shows that juveniles convicted in criminal court for serious and violent crimes are more likely to be incarcerated and receive longer sentences. However, they often only serve a fraction of their sentences. In many cases this is less time than in a juvenile facility. Some States have started to blend juvenile and criminal court sentences in which offenders can be tried in juvenile or criminal court and can be sentenced either to juvenile or adult facilities. In dealing with youthful offenders in adult facilities, communication is essential between correctional officers and youthful offenders. Many youthful offenders do not understand the difference between right and wrong and are not able to accurately assess situations. Staff must also have a clear understanding of group dynamics and the effects of peer influence. Inadequate training in working with the youthful offender population, crowding, understaffing, high turnover, and inadequate monitoring and accountability often result in abuse of force and restraints allegation. Programs must be highly structured and address education, drug and alcohol treatment, and life skills. Finally, facilities must establish sound relationships with criminal justice officials, including police, courts, aftercare personnel, judges, lawyers, and parole officers. 15 references